Education of women and girls in India has been widely debated and discussed since the mid-1900s. In the pre-Independence Phase, women’s education was positioned as a necessary driver of modernism, and in independent India, various policies and programmes tried to take the constitutional commitment to equality forward by including girls and marginalised communities within the ambit of education. While the last century has seen a considerable shift in the status of women in Indian society, gender equality in education continues to be influenced by three sets of issues: economy, society and culture; accessibility/availability of formal education; and gender norms. Socio-economic inequalities, connectivity, and cultural beliefs and practices, including a continued preference for sons across the country, play an important role in determining whether girls are given access to both primary and higher Education. Gender and education brings together wide-ranging debates that took place in the economic and political weekly from 2000–17 on the social, political and economic realities impacting the education of women across the country. The sections analyse the different axes of inequality; the political, economic and social context of education; and Pedagogy and curriculum, through a study of textbooks. Together, the chapters explore issues that are as relevant today as they were in the year they were published.