Digital integrated circuits, sometimes called an IC, chip or mirco chip, are the building blocks for nearly every type of modern electronics and electrical devices , whether for home or office, work or pleasure. Integrated circuit technology is a key enabler in shrinking large systems into hand held devices, and it has been a primary driver of more than 50 years of electronics innovation in computation, communication, and imaging. An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper and faster than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability and building block approach to circuit design has ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of lcs. Today, the electronics industry has progressed onto microelectronics, which continues to transform the way technology has taken over human life. This book, designed for the benefit of both graduate and postgraduate students in physics, is a referral which aims to equip them with the most up-to-date information in advanced electronics.