The scope of the general equilibrium (GE) theory has so far been limited to the Walrasian tradition. Indeed, the views of competitive equilibria and the core are nothing but the modern mathematical analysis of the economic ideas due to Walras, Edgeworth and Pareto. Consequently, recent books in this field are inclined to be heavily technical and mathematical. On the other hand, the modern GE theory has not completed the study of increasing returns and monopolistic competition, which belong to the significant alternative stream of economic thought, namely the Marshallian tradition. This book aims to fill this gap by proving the existence of competitive equilibrium with increasing returns from externalities in a dynamic economy and a monopolistically competitive equilibrium with the technologies exhibiting increasing returns from a considerable set-up cost. Also intended as an introductory graduate textbook on GE theory. It contains all the primary results and mathematical techniques in this field, such as to measure theory, manifold theory and Banach space theory. A unique feature of the book compared to classical monographs on GE is its emphasis on the subject's historical nature, not only the mathematical nature. Students are expected to learn that those mathematically formidable techniques are necessary for tackling many economic problems, which have been significant not only in the mathematical or technical context but also in the historical and traditional context.